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The carpenter is a small, elongated sea bream with a silver-pink body and faint, pale blue spots arranged in several horizontal bands along its sides.It is a predator, with pronounced canines that it uses to prey on sardines, anchovies and squid. As a juvenile it feeds primarily on crabs, amphipods and polychaetes.The carpenter is endemic to rocks reefs on the South African coast from Cape Point to Margate, and migrates to the Agulhas bank to spawn. Most adults are resident to a preferred area, but a small portion of carpenters disperse widely.Due to historic overfishing, the carpenter saw a significant decline in its population until limitations were placed on its commercial fishery in 2003. Since then, wild populations are slowly recovering.

Frogfish are so named because their bodies and fins are covered with wart-like bumps. As is the case with frogs and toads, you won’t get warts if you touch these grumpy-looking fish. Their vivid colours and globular shapes provide them with excellent camouflage, particularly around sponges which they will increasingly depend on for shelter as they get older. Their colouration varies - blood red, black, cream, tan, yellow and brown are all common, often with spot sand blotches of pink, white or red - thus it is very important for a frogfish to find sponges that match its colouration.

Golden sea cucumbers are small, soft-skinned sea cucumbers, each with up to 10 tentacles resembling small trees.They spend most of their lives covered in sand, with only their tentacles protruding above the surface. If no suitable sandy environment is present, they will dwell in the gaps between other sea cucumber species, mussels and ascidians.Their tube-feet are small, and weak compared to other common sea cucumbers, and are arranged randomly over their whole body. These weak tube-feet are suited for digging into sand, but have poor adhesion to other surfaces, so it is quite common to see golden sea cucumbers washing up on shores after heavy storms.Like many other sea cucumbers, golden sea cucumbers are able to expel their toxic guts when threatened. This species is particularly prone to doing this when stressed - but fortunately, sea cucumbers are well equipped to regrow their lost organs.

Dusky rubberlips are oblong fish with pale grey-brown bodies that are darker on top. They have thick lips that become more fleshy with age.These fish are omnivores that feed on small bottom-dwelling invertebrates, small fish and seaweed. Juveniles tend to be more herbivorous than adults. Juvenile rubberlips commonly congregate around floating seaweed in shallow waters.Dusky rubberlips inhabit tropical rocky reefs of the African east coast, from Port Alfred to Kenya, and India to a depth of 80m.

Shortspined porcupinefish resemble a stereotypical "puffer fish" that most people can visualise - they have compact, boxy bodies, covered in scales that have been modified into short spines that can stand erect when the porcupinefish inflate their bodies and point backward at other times. Their spines are noticeably shorter on their heads, and completely absent from their tail peduncle. Their colouration is characteristic of the species; they have white bellies and like yellow-brown bodies. Dark brown or black bands run from below their eyes and under their heads, as well as a second set of bars just in front of their pectoral fins.Then threatened, shortspined porcupinefish can inflate their bodies to make themselves appear larger, and to help erect their spines as a further defence. They inflate their bodies by rapidly swallowing large amounts of water.In addition to their spines and thick skin, the flesh of the shortspined porcupinefish is also poisonous. Their toxin is called tetrodotoxin which is produced by symbiotic bacteria that live inside the fish. Tetrodotoxin is a neurotoxin that is deadly to humans - in fact, it is estimated to be 25x more toxic than cyanide to mammals.Unlike most other fish, porcupinefish lack anal fins.Their teeth are fused together into a beak-like mouth which they typically keep open to that they can react quickly if they are attacked and need to swell up by swallowing water. Their beaks help them to feed on hard-shelled prey, such as crustaceans and molluscs. Their genus name, Diodon, refers to their beaked mouth, literally meaning "two teeth" in Greek.Shortspined porcupinefish inhabit tropical and subtropical waters throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans and on the Atlantic coast of South Africa. They are common on coral reefs, rocky reefs and shallow lagoons, ranging to a maximum depth of about 90m. In these habitats, they typically hide in caves or the shade of corals during the day and come out at night to feed.

Basket stars are brittle stars, close relatives of starfish you might be more familiar with.They have ten arms which each branch multiple times into progressively finer and more delicate tendrils. They are typically a dull blue-grey with dark stripes on their arms and small, black-ringed knobs on their central disc. They can grow very large, reaching over half a metre across.Basket stars typically anchor their central disc onto sea fans or other tall corals situated high up in reefs, and hold their arms outstretched to catch passing prey. The fine tendrils on their arms can interlock, forming a basket-like trap.When not feeding, basket stars can pull their tendrils and arms towards their central disk for protection.They are found only on the South African coast, from the Cape Peninsula to Algoa Bay.

Clarke's clownfish are small, orange-black fish with three distinct vertical stripes - one separating the head from the gill cover, one across the fish's posterior, behind their first dorsal fin and one on the peduncle, separating the dark body from the yellow tail. Their snouts are usually orange or pink.These colours vary regionally - in fact, Clarke's clownfish have the greatest colour variation of any clownfish species. For example, ones inhabiting dark anemones tend to be almost completely black, ones from Vanuatu are yellow with only two stripes and, in some groups, the males' yellow tail fins turn white if they undergo a sex-change.Clarke's clownfish have the furthest reaching distribution of any clownfish; they are found throughout the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean, most commonly in the Persian Gulf, west Australian coast, Indonesia, Micronesia, Taiwan and Japan.These clownfish live on coral reefs, in lagoons and on steep rocky reefs no deeper than 60m.Like most clownfish, Clarke's clownfish are immune to the stings of sea anemone tentacles and live amongst these tentacles for protection. The anemones benefit from this symbiotic relationship is protection from small predators and food scraps from the clownfish. There are 10 species of sea anemone known to host clownfish, and Clarke's clownfish have been found to exploit all of them.Clarke's clownfish are omnivores and opportunistically feed on dead anemone tentacles, food scraps, small crustaceans, small fish, zooplankton and algae.Within a group of Clarke's clownfish, a dominance hierarchy is present. All clownfish in a group are male hermaphrodites, except the largest who undergoes a change into a female.

Lined wrasses are orange-brown in colour with pale longitudinal blue-green lines. Their heads have irregular light blue-green lines.They have opercular flaps with black spots and caudal fins with broad black bars on the posterior part of the fin. Females are distinguished by the white versus yellow band on the base of the tail and males by the lined versus spotted pattern on the body.Lined wrasses inhabit coastal slopes and drop-off areas in small groups and can be found at depths between 20-45m.

The Picasso triggerfish is a robust, grey fish with a unique, notable pattern of stripes giving it the distinct appearance of a painters colour palette - hence its name after the famous painter Pablo Picasso. It's Hawaiian name, humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa, literally means "pig-snouted triggerfish."This pattern has a number of unique elements, that make identifying the Picasso triggerfish easy:

The Atlantic horseshoe crab lives in the shallow waters of the north-western Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and in brackish coastal lagoons, where it can reach lengths of up to 60cm. The horseshoe crab lives in shallow, soft-bottomed habitats, where it ploughs through the upper layers of sand and mud in search of food. It’s large shield-like shell and splayed rear legs allows it to effectively shovel sediment aside. It is a scavenger, feeding on molluscs, polychaete worms, seaweed and fish carcasses that it exposes while ploughing. The Atlantic horseshoe crab is an important prey animal for loggerhead sea turtles, while their eggs are commonly eaten by seabirds. Traditionally, their eggs were also eaten by Native Americans. The horseshoe crab poses no threat to humans. Its long, scorpion-like tail contains no sting – it is used for balance and for pushing sand aside. Bright blue blood The blood of the horseshoe crab is blue, and has the unusual quality of clotting very rapidly when exposed to certain bacterial toxins in incredibly small doses thanks to a chemical called coagulan. Coagulan is used for testing the sterilization of pharmaceutical drugs, surgical equipment and vaccines Every FDA approved drug in the US must be tested this way. It has even been used to keep the International Space Station sterile. Unfortunately for horseshoe crabs, no synthetic method of producing coagulan has been developed, resulting in more than a quarter of a million crabs being harvested each year. To curb population decline, new methods are used that only take 30% of the crabs blood, allowing them to be released alive, although with a significantly diminished chance of survival. Ancient ocean dwellers Despite its name, the horseshoe crab is not a crab at all. It is a Chelicerate, the same phylum as spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions and the extinct sea scorpion. Today’s horseshoe crabs are the last in the ancient Xiphosuran order – a group closely related to the now-extinct trilobite. The first horseshoe crab evolved more than half a billion years ago, but they have changed very little in the last 300 million years. The Atlantic horseshoe crab is one of only four species of horseshoe crabs alive today. The other species are the mangrove horseshoe crab from Southeast Asia, the Indo-Pacific horseshoe crab ranging from India to Indonesia and the Chinese horseshoe crab. Larvae: Ancestral look-alikes During the breeding season, the horseshoe crab migrates to the tidal zone to lay eggs. Approximately 200 to 300 eggs are laid in a series of shallow depressions excavated in the beach sand. The male fertilises the eggs as they are being laid by the female. These eggs hatch into so-called “trilobite larvae” – so named because of their superficial resemblance to their ancient relative. Initially about 1cm long, a larva can swim and burrow in the sand. As it grows, it undergoes a series of moults, becoming progressively more like its parents.