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The pineapplefish is an unusual visitor to the Cape, usually preferring the warm waters of the Indian Ocean reefs and rocky shores. It is a nocturnal predator, using bioluminescent lures to attract small prey close to its hiding place. This fish lives in the sublittoral zone, 20-200m below the surface and prefers to live near rocky overhangs, coral reefs and under ledges. Pineapplefish are usually solitary animals, but do sometimes form small schools, especially when hunting. When hunting, the pineapplefish uses bioluminescent bacteria contained in two pouches around its mouth to lure planktonic invertebrates and small fish close. The pineapplefish has evolved the ability to control these bacteria – turning the light blue-green when hunting, orange to aid camouflage during the day and completely off to hide at night. Its pretty yellow and black scales are not only for show – the pineapplefish is actually fully armoured. The yellow scales that look similar to the bumps on a pineapple are called scutes or bony plates. The rays of the pineapplefish’s fins point backwards and are tipped with fierce spikes that can be locked into position to deter attacks from behind. The pineapplefish has not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

The Breede River redfin lives only in the streams of the Cape Fold mountains.They are thought to be relics of an ancient lineage of fish, which survived climate and other changes by retreating into cold mountain streams.Most minnow species are threatened, the redfin is listed as critically endangered.Large alien fish such as bass like to eat these small fish.

The Clanwilliam sawfin lives only in deep pools in the Olifants River system in the Western Cape.Males and females gather together under waterfalls and rapids to breed.

These fish live in summer rainfall areas in many of South Africa’s river systems, including the Orange-Vaal system, the Gourits, Gamtoos, Great Fish and Bushmans systems.They prefer standing or gently flowing water, and unlike many other indigenous fish, thrive in dams.In summer, they migrate upstream after rains, and spawn over flooded grassy river banks. Each female produces about 250 000 eggs, which hatch within 2 days. The larvae swim to the surface, and are lifted by the current and carried into deeper water, before the floodwaters subside altogether.

Banded tilapia live in the Orange River, rivers on KwaZulu-Natal south coast, southern Congo tributaries, Lake Malawi and the Zambezi.They prefer quiet or standing water with submerged vegetation.Tilapia feed on algae, soft plants, invertebrates, e.g. insects and sometimes small fish.Males build saucer-like nests in which eggs are laid and guarded by both parents.

Cape kurpers live in southern and southwestern Cape coastal rivers, and were also introduced into the Clanwilliam Olifants River system.They eat insects, other invertebrates and small fish.This species is threatened by habitat destruction and predation by alien bass.

Upside down jellies are commonly found in mangrove ecosystems and can tolerate a wide salinity range. They grow up to 25cm in diameter and the saucer-shaped bell of the jelly acts as a suction cup to stabilise the animal on the seabed.

Elf, also known as shad along the South African coast, are found in tropical and subtropical waters around the world. They can grow to 60cm in length and up to 14kg in weight.